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Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano, known as the Pizzigani brothers, were 14th-century Venetian cartographers. Their surname is sometimes given as Pizigano (only one 'z') in older sources. == 1367 Chart == ] Pizzigani brothers are principally known for the construction of a portolan chart, signed and dated 1367, currently held by the Biblioteca Palatina of Parma (Ms.Parm.1612). Measuring 138 by 92 cm, it is one of the largest maps of that era. There is some controversy over the authorship. The note on the edge of the map, states (in one reading): ""MCCCLXVII. Hoc opus compoxuid franciscus pizigano veneciar et domnus pizigano In Venexia meffecit marcus die XII decembris.". The common assumption is that this refers to two brothers, Francesco Pizzigano and Domenico Pizzigano. Among the various alternative hypothesis is that Francesco was the son of Domenico, rather than his brother (and that Domenico might be dead by this date); that 'domnus' is a title for a priest, that the proper first name of the second author is Marco, that a close reading of the authorship note seems more like 'rardus' – or (Ge)rardus, Gerardo; that there might be three brothers (Francesco, Domenico, Marco/Gerardo), etc.〔For details, see Longhena (1907, 1927).〕 It was customary to refer to the brothers as the ''Pizigani'' (one z), until the discovery of the 1424 map of Zuane Pizzigano in the 20th century suggested a re-spelling to a double z.〔e.g. Astengo (2007)〕 The Pizzigani portolan of 1367 is notable for going beyond the normal geographical boundaries of contemporary maps (Mediterranean and Black Seas) to include large swathes of the Atlantic Ocean, the northerly Scandinavian peninsula and the Baltic and Caspian Seas. The 1367 Pizzigani chart gives an expanded depiction of the Canary Islands, showing eight of them, reflecting the knowledge accumulated since the 1339 Angelino Dulcert chart. It also includes the fantasy islands of Brasil (in the open ocean, with ships and dragons of Arab legend depicted around it). North of the real Canaries, the Pizzigani brothers also depicted a fictional cluster of Fortunate Islands, intended to capture Saint Brendan's Island, graced by an image of Brendan himself in monastic garb. The Pizzigani map is also the first in which the mythical Isle of Mam (southwest of Ireland) makes its first appearance. Some historians once believed the legendary island of ''Antillia'', made famous in many 15th-century portolan charts, was first insinuated cartographically in the 1367 Pizigani brothers chart. On the western edge of the map, although there is no island depicted or mentioned, there is a disk with a picture of a man with hand outstretched, and an inscription, which some have read as saying "Here are statues which stand before the shores of Atullia (''ante ripas Atulliae'') and which have been set up for the safety of sailors; for beyond is the vile sea, which sailors cannot navigate".〔as cited in Crone (1938: p.260)〕 Some scholars, especially in the 19th century, believed this ''Atullia'' was the first reference to "Antillia" on a map (e.g. Buache, Kretschmer, Nordenskiöld)〔Jean-Nicholas Buache (1806: (p.25-26 )), Konrad Kretschmer (1892: (195-7 )), A.E. Nordenskiöld (1897: p.164).〕 but this reading has been doubted since. Crone (1938) read it as ''ante ripas Getuliae'' (Getulia).〔Crone (1938). Although Crone later (1947) considers other readings.〕 Beginning with Hennig (1945), the inscription has been commonly read as ''at temps Arcules'' or ''ante templum Arcules'' (from the time/temple of Hercules).,〔Hennig (1945). This reading is acknowledged by Crone (1947) and embraced by Armando Cortesão (1954 (1975) (), p.106])〕 almost doubtlessly a reference to the Pillars of Hercules, the ''non plus ultra'' of ancient navigation, as transmitted via Arab sources, e.g. al-Masudi speaks of the "copper idols" of "King Hercules the Giant" marking the edge of the Green Sea of Darkness,〔Beazley (1897, Vol. I (p.465 ).〕 al-Idrisi places the marker 'idols' on islands away from the straits.〔Crone (1938: p.262). Crone (1937) notes the elasticity of the exact location of Hercules's pillars in 15th-century charts. Cortesão (1954 (1975):(p.74 )) notes that an inscription about Hercules's "statues" to mark the edge of safe navigation was common practice in Arab charts.〕 The 1367 map also provides one of the first clear European depictions of the legendary "River of Gold" in west Africa.〔Formally, its depiction of the "River of Gold" is preceded by the 1351 Laurentian Medici Atlas, but the dating of the Medici atlas is very dubious and elastic, and maybe later than the Pizzigani brothers.〕 This is the "western Nile" described by Arabic sources, notably the geographers al-Bakri and al-Idrisi. The western Nile is essentially the Senegal River and the Niger River, which were long assumed to be connected to each other, flowing through the gold-producing heart of the Mali Empire. The Pizzigani brothers called it the "Palolus" river, and place its source at a large lake in the "Mountains of the Moon" in the east (from which the Egyptian Nile was also believed to stem).〔Major (1868: p.112)〕 The Pizzigani show the river running west, pouring into the Atlantic Ocean somewhere south of "Caput finis Gozola" (Cape Non). The Pizzigani brothers place the actual gold mines on a river island which they call the "island of Palola" (probably the Buré gold district, which surrounded by branches of the upper Niger River, was mistaken for a river island). The Pizzigani map also makes note of the legend of Prester John, noting that so much gold was found there, that it was even used to tile the roofs of houses and forge the weapons of his soldiers.〔Russell (2000: p.122)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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